Abakɔsɛm mu Nkɔso a Ɛfa Ɛlektrɔnik Nneɛma Ne Microcircuits Ho

Abakɔsɛm a ɛfa ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma ne microcircuits a wɔyɛe ho no yɛ mfiridwuma mu ayɛsɛm a ɛfa adesamma a wɔkɔ so piapia wɔn ho kɔ akyiri sen honam fam anohyeto ahorow, a wodi kɛseyɛ nketewa ne adwumayɛ a ɛkorɔn akyi. Yebetumi ahu ne mfiase fi afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase, bere a wɔyɛɛ vacuum tube no na ɛhyɛɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri awo agyirae no. Fleming na ɔyɛɛ diode no wɔ 1904 mu, na De Forest triode a wɔatu mpɔn no dii akyi wɔ 1906 mu, na ɔtoo fapem maa ɛlɛtrɔnik afiri a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse ne nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔde di dwuma. Nanso, sɛnea afiri a wɔde yi mframa mu yɛ kɛse, ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma kɛse, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw no maa nyansahufo hwehwɛɛ akwan foforo a wotumi de ho to so kɛse.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no, nkɔso a ɛbaa nneɛma a wɔde yɛ semiconductor mu no maa nsakrae kɛse baa ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiridwuma mu. Wɔ 1947 mu no, Shockley, Bardeen, ne Brattain a wɔwɔ Bell Labs yɛɛ transistor, ade foforo a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛma wotumi yɛɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri nketewa. Akyiri yi, Jack Kilby ne Robert Noyce na wɔde wɔn ho too adwene a ɛfa integrated circuit (IC) ho wɔ afe 1958 mu, na wɔde dii gua wɔ afe 1959. Microcircuits de transistors pii boom wɔ silicon chip biako so, na ɛmaa adwumayɛ nyaa nkɔso kɛse na ɛtew ɛka so.

Wɔ 1970 mfe no mu no, Moore Mmara a ɛbae no kyerɛɛ nkɔanim kɛse wɔ transistor dodow a ɛwɔ integrated circuits so, na ɛmaa microelectronics mfiridwuma nyaa nkɔso ntɛmntɛm. Nkɔso a aba wɔ photolithography mu no maa chip a wɔyɛ no tumi fii micron so kɔɔ nanometer nsenia so, na ɛmaa ankorankoro kɔmputa, telefon so nkitahodi, ne intanɛt nyaa nkɔanim. Bere a yɛrehyɛn afeha a ɛto so 21 yi mu no, wɔrehwehwɛ nneɛma foforo te sɛ carbon nanotubes, nneɛma a ɛwɔ afã abien- (te sɛ graphene), ne quantum dots mu ama awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ-ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri, bere a 3D nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma ne mfiridwuma a wɔde ka bom a ɛsono emu biara no akɔ so apia microcircuits adwumayɛ anohyeto ahorow.

Efi vacuum tubes so kosi nanoscale chips so no, ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma ne microcircuits a aba no asakra nnɛyi mfiridwuma nko, na mmom anya sɛnea yɛyɛ adwuma ne sɛnea yɛtra ase nso so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Daakye, sɛ wɔkɔ so nya nkɔso wɔ nneɛma ho nyansahu ne mfiridwuma mu a, ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri bɛkɔ so akɔ so ayɛ adwuma yiye na wɔanya nyansa kɛse.